By the Time I Get to Cucaracha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

By the Time I Get to Cucaracha - Essay Example Immediately after this she says that her mom was a housekeeper when she first came to the United States of America. By doing this she makes a personal connection with the reader. She expresses how she felt about the episode, how it was wrong, and why it was wrong. In her eyes it was a racist remark that should not be overlooked. She felt as though Latinas were being mocked. After stating the problem she mentions the great things that Latinas have accomplished in America like the ALMA awards in paragraph 4. Afterwards, she mentions a more popular advertisement with the Taco Bell Chihuahua in reference to an argument made how it was demeaning to use a dog in place of Mexican people. By doing this she shows that people have been making fun of Hispanics for a while. When she included another minority group in her writing, she chose African-Americans. While comparing how Americans won't allow any tolerance for racism towards African-Americans but will for Hispanics, she gives more support to her argument. Perez-Zeeb also acknowledges that fact that blacks were treated terribly by Americans. However, she doesn't believe that gives Americans the right to make fun of certain groups more than others, specifically Hispanics. She was really mad about the fact that TV constantly shows episodes with female immigrants marrying a U.S citizen for a

Trends in Racism Reporting Essay Example for Free

Trends in Racism Reporting Essay Racism in reporting seemed to have peaked during the 1950s.   Perhaps the reason for the peak was that the whites and the blacks in America had shared a master-slave relationship in the past.   The Civil Rights Movement had called for changing the status quo.   The demand for equal rights for the blacks was met with resistance, however.   This is the reason why an article published in The Birmingham Post-Herald in 1955 quotes a white sheriff thus: †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"We haven’t mixed so far down here and we don’t intend to (â€Å"10 Jurors Picked as Till Trial Opens†). †Ã‚   The sheriff was, of course, describing the relations of the white race with the black race (â€Å"10 Jurors Picked as Till Trial Opens†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above mentioned news article is actually a report on a trial.   All of the jury members selected for the trial were white men.   Eight of the men were farmers and one of them was a laborer.   There were â€Å"eight Negro reporters† present at the trial, but all of them were â€Å"segregated at a separate table (â€Å"10 Jurors Picked as Till Trial Opens†).†Ã‚   Considering that the theory of racism is based on the assumption that a race can be superior to another race for any number of reasons, the news report of the 1950s describes blatant racism.   So, even though the blacks had worked as laborers for the whites in the past, for the reason that the blacks had served the whites as slaves, they could not be members of the jury even if one of the jury members was a white laborer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contrary to the stance of the whites with respect to the blacks described in the above mentioned article, a news article published by The San Francisco News in 1942 describes the value of the Japanese Americans to the economy of the United States.   The author of the article, â€Å"Jap Ban to Force Farm Adjustments,† states that the internment of the Japanese Americans would adversely affect the agricultural produce of California.   The article refers to the Japanese Americans as â€Å"[f]ast and efficient workers (â€Å"Jap Ban to Force Farm Adjustments†).†Ã‚   Even though the work of the Japanese Americans on Californian farms had required â€Å"the most arduous form of ‘stoop labor,’† the article mentions that the white farmers would be able to handle it, but not as well as the Japanese American workers (â€Å"Jap Ban to Force Farm Adjustments†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stoop labor is defined as â€Å"[b]ack-bending manual work (â€Å"Stoop Labor†).†Ã‚   If the news article published in 1942 had clearly stated that the white farmers will not be able to replace the Japanese Americans on the plantations because the latter were engaged in stoop labor which the white farmers simply would not engage in; it would have been obvious that the reporting is racist.   However, this is not the case.   Rather, the Japanese Americans are lauded for their efficiency in the news report, as some of them were capable of tending to forty to fifty gardens at a time (â€Å"Jap Ban to Force Farm Adjustments†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the Japanese Americans had been interned during World War II, the whites did not seem to look down upon them or consider them inferior.   On the other hand, the blacks were obviously considered inferior because they had served the whites as slaves.   These differences of perceptions are made clear by the news reports. Works Cited â€Å"10 Jurors Picked as Till Trial Opens: 3 Veniremen Dismissed Because of Link with Fund to Defend Accused Men.† The Birmingham Post Herald. 19 Sep 1955. â€Å"Jap Ban to Force Farm Adjustments.† The San Francisco News. 4 Mar 1942. â€Å"Stoop Labor.† Answers. 2007. 10 Dec 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/stoop-labor.

Galtung and Ruges model of news values

Galtung and Ruges model of news values 1 Using examples from one edition of a newspaper or a television newscast, critically evaluate Galtung and Ruges model of news values and their relevance in contemporary news culture. Galtung J. and Ruge M. (1981) Structuring and Selecting News in Cohen S. and Young J. The Manufacture of News Constable. (You may also find it useful to consult the fuller version of this article in Tunstall J. ed. Media Sociology: A Reader, Constable, 1970). The classic framework. You should also use at least one of the following evaluations: Bell A. (1991) The Language of News Media, Blackwell, p.155-161. INTRODUCTION Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge (1965) through their empirical research and theoretical approach on the models of news values defined it as specific standards adhered to by media professionals in the structuring ,selection and production of news stories worthy of reporting to the audience by news reporter, journalist, and broadcasting media professionals also as a general guidelines and criteria that determines the worth of news and how much prominence is given by newspapers, radio, or television reporters. News values are based on a variety of ideas or assumption which form the ideological background to the work of editors, reporters and journalist (Bell,1991).The way in which news is reported is heavily reliable, and dependent on the news providers processing , structuring and reporting of the news content to the audience through newspapers, television, and radio broadcast medium. News values practices both globally and locally can be analyzed alongside Galtung an d Ruges (1967) model of news values providing comprehensive insight to the intentions of the news media industry and their relevance in contemporary news culture practices today both in the national and international news media as reported in the news by these journalist, reporters and media professionals making stories that are newsworthy. Galtung and Ruges model is very straight and comprehensive in its research and academic thoughts on how news are being structured , but not without criticism from other emerging scholars and academia on how relevant these news values can affect other media professionals, reporters, and journalist within in the international scene of contemporary news reporting, structuring and production in the media news values culture . In a recent study, Cohen Young,(1973) Galtung and Ruges models, have also supported and complemented these news values ideology involved in the structure and selection of news and its values making it newsworthy for the audience and readership. There are fundamentals to understanding news production and the choices that editors, producers and other journalists face in decision making on what news values seems more news worthy than another thereby making the media professionals responsible in accounting for the way the news are structured with particular reference to the news values ethical standards, norms and guides in the ideology of model of news values on journalism. Journalist have taken this analysis as a starting point and developed from it a set of principles that should used in identifying newsworthy information. Bell (1991) illustrates Galtung and Ruge news values and discussion on the processes involved in the structuring, presentation and selection news stories report by journalist. These basic twelve news values provide a structural basis for journalists to report stories that are newsworthy to audience ensuring they conform with these ethics. In Galtung and Ruges model, if the news values are adhered to, the story will be successful in reaching, and keeping the public informed and update is largely based on the psychology of perception by the audience, and argues that audiences receive news stories through these factors referred to as the news values which the reporters, journalist and editors are responsible on making these news informative, entertaining in capturing their interest on the way news are consumed. Galtung and Ruge recognised that people cannot absorb very large amounts of news and information, they are choices of selection involved in the information and in doing so only s elect what seems important and of interest to them. It is in this process that journalists and news organization, professionals select and report information to appeal to its main consumers and readership. These news values now come into place, with news producers structuring the news reported around these values to achieve the greatest interest and impact in ensuring it attracts the interest of audience. (CohenYoung, 1973) Galtung and Ruges twelve news values can also be sub-divided , these news values includes the main basic eight universally accepted and the four which he termed can be culturally specific by media reports and journalist as a general factors consisting of frequency, amplitude, unambiguity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity,while the other four factors negativity, threshold, cultural proximity are based on the cultural specification varying from national and international source of news processing, selection, and structuring involved in the event of news making and the worthiness of the news values . What we choose or select as news stories could be culturally determined, since the audience and readers cannot accumulate every news content, there is a choice of selection on individual differences, and the probability on how the issues in questions will attract a readers attention or listener (CohenYoung, 1973). These values provide journalists with a mechanism to so rt through quickly, process and select the news from that vast amount of information made available. have taken this analysis as a starting point and developed from it a set of principles that journalists should use to identify newsworthy information. Although Galtung and Ruge model was researched over thirty years ago, it still remains the most adaptable and acceptable news values model until present day in news making and journalism. Most media analysis or discourse of news values will refer to most of Galtung and Ruges classification of news values despite the criticism from other academic scholars and schools of thought, which provides the ideology that important stories which scores highly on each value are likely to become the headline news bulletin, or make the front page of a newspaper stories or television broadcast. Also it is important to note that these news values factors were more implemented by reporters, journalist and media producers in the western and scandinavian countries of Galtung and Ruges model in the structure, selection and reporting of news content which will be critically evaluated from my point of view, though these news values being the dominant model ,it still varies from other national and internati onal news reports, media broadcasting ideologies being practiced across other parts of the globe outside the western countries and north american hemisphere. According to other schools of thought by journalism and media scholars there is no end to lists of news criteria (p. 31). Among the many lists of news values that have been drawn up by scholars and journalists, some like Galtung and Ruges news values model attempts to describe news practices across cultures, while others have become remarkably specific to the press of certain (often western) nations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values). Presently, virtually every media discourse and analytic discussion of news values will refer to most of Galtung and Ruges model of news values models. In critically evaluating Galtung and Ruges twelve models of news values, a British newspaper editorial will be used in citing as a good evaluation analysis on how these news values hypothesis relates to present day processes of selection and structuring of news by editors , reporters, journalist and media professional in contemporary society and its criticism in properly analyzing the realities with reference to Britain newspaper within the western media context, and the news values critically evaluated in both foreign and local news media context on how these news values are being implemented for audience interest. SUN NEWSPAPER CRITICAL EVALUTION OF GALTUNG AND RUGE MODEL In the Sun news paper edition of Thursday, December 17, 2009 with the caption headline JOES GOT FRIENDS IN HIGH PLACES illustrates the selection process of newsworthy media text by these newspaper editors to attract the audience readers with such a caption, Galtung and Ruges model analyses the need for inter- relationship of how these news values are being implemented by the news reporters, editors in making the lead front page story which relates to the way news reporting are selected, structured and presented to suit the basic norms and ethics guiding the news values processes in media industry. Cohen Young (1981, pg56) states that structuring and selection of news stories can be highlighted with these news values that the more events concerns elite persons and elite nations activity makes a good newsworthy story in the selection process of the manufacturing of news stories. The front page lead story news headline involves the news values model of elite person and the elite nation with royalties of the government is being implemented by the news editor in making it a headline caption will be more of interest concerning global powers and the impact of the news with relevance on how these news may affect on the home culture and the lives of the people with the national context and specifically on the culture will definitely be the main interest of attention to the readership audience making it newsworthy lead front page story. The news values of meaningfulness with the audience who share same values, culture and ideology will make a good interest point and receive more media c overage which the lead page story of the editorial highlights and the hypothesis of continuity which the story been very accessible to the audience will definitely be included by the reporters in the selection process of the news, making it attractive to audience readership. Galtung and Ruges model that when a news seems to be very important to the audience and still running in media will be of great importance and continued to be covered by reporters for some time.(Bell Bells (1991) evaluation of Galtung and Ruge news values model states that the presentation of a story enhances its chances of being news worthy for audience. The reference to elite person, and elite nation highlighted in the front page headline lead story of the newspaper and the news decision by editors, confirms with the news values ethics of western media industry in implementing these news model making it very favourable news within the competitive market of news media industry in ensuring the news gets to the audiences. The famous and powerful in the society are being treated of being of more importance which the front page story tends to capture as a newsworthy story and how their decision and action can affect peoples life, which is portrayed with the activities of such elite activity and its importance in making a good news from the journalist ideology of news values in contemporary western news culture, because it combines the publics supposed interest with the famous and el ite activity in the news within the cultural proximity of Britain which makes it a newsworthy story. Gatlung and Ruges news values of meaningfulness inter relates in the front page story illustration of the event with the hypothesis of the relevance of these news affecting the lives of the people within the cultural proximity.(Bell,1991) The unambiguity news value model illustrated by Bell, states that the more clear cut a story is, the more it is favoured (Bell,1991) .But critically evaluating these model in the front page lead story on the Sun newspaper editorial , it can be critically evaluated that the editorial publication might not be of interest to someone outside the cultural proximity or geographical context of Britain, and the non -western media axis, from readers in another country and will not attract readership interest based on individual perception within the international and foreign news media context, and may vary from different norms and guides considering the news values and cultures on how reporters and journalist, editors in other non-western countries may stru cture, select and produce their news stories in contemporary news culture and journalism. Galtung and Ruges hypothesis of frequency in the lead story being the royal hierarchy in britain is a point of interest and attention to readers from the reporters and editors implementation of the news story making it a news headline front page story with the impact of the news headlines relating to the meaningfulness of the event, relevance in the lives of the people and the cultural proximity of the british audiences within the national scene, and journalist selection and production of these news stories. In critically evaluating Galtung and Ruges model on the front page story of the Sun Newspaper editorial, it can be evaluated that the use of news codes which the model pays little or no attention to with use of language in the front page story news with the use of photographs was very visible, and also being a newspaper editorial not all aspects of the news values are being captured by these medium. Meanwhile these news values model still remains the most comprehensive school of thought on media and journalism in western countries media on the news information selection and structuring by media reporters, and editors within international news and national news (Cohen Young, 1973). The ideology of the news values model of these front page stories concentrates on the holders of political power not holder of the economic power within the news values. The criticism of these lead page story also centres on some news values model which it categorically states are responsible for the news ,but they are complex issues involved in news making than the SECOND FRONT PAGE LEAD STORY CRITICAL EVALUATION. OF GALTUNG AND RUGE MODEL. The frequency news value hypothesis as evaluated by Bells (1991) in the content of the news states that the best news is something which has only just happened making it definitely to be news worthy for attracting audience interest and readership, The more similar the frequency of the event to the news medium, the more probable that it will be recorded as a news(CohenYoung, 1981). The sub- heading editorial on the front page headline new story with continuation on the second page lead story also has the combination of various news values which are inter- related in ensuring the news editors make a complete and interesting process involved in news selection, structuring to suit the audience. The news values of negativity in the newspaper highlights the editors approach of making the information of concern and interest which seems a Galtung and Ruges model in evaluating these news values model shown with the second page lead story YOUNG N DOLED in the editorial with an emerging situati on on the issues concerns the hypothesis of threshold which hold that the bigger the impact of the story and its relevance on the people , the better it make a good story relates in these second page editorial on the seriousness and will be of interest to audience with such caption headline news making it newsworthy. Galtung and ruges news values of meaningfulness shows that the audience will be attracted to such news , as an event which seems to affect the lives of the audiences seems more relevance as being newsworthy. The cultural proximity of Britain and the impact on how it affects all the people will enhance its newsworthiness to the audience within the international news media agenda. In Bells evaluation on these news values, the negativity hypothesis makes the second page story very understanding on the news selection process by the editors on how the journalist and editor shape the news content and making it very interesting good news process of structuring, selection and p resentation to its reading audience. Though the news has a short fall in the consonance, and composition news values model which doesnt make it a complete news values report by journalism ethics and the reports maybe biased, and inaccurate as a political propaganda by political opponents. Bell (1991) states that negativity news values makes the formal norm of news reporting from historical perspective, that bad news makes a good news story which journalist argue with Galtung and Ruges model of news value and its very conflicting that what attracts audience interest is bad news in media reporting, which seems illustrated in the second page lead story news caption. Bad news stories are more likely to be reported than good news because they are more likely to score high on other news values, such as threshold, unexpectedness, unambiguity and meaningfulness .Thomas(2009) Galtung and Ruges news values with the hypothesis of threshold holds an important issue in the seriousness of the news article and situation affecting the lives of the people. The process involved in the organization, selection and presentation of these news stories from the editors although analysis by J. Galtung and M. Ruge showed that several factors are consistently applied across a range of news organizations on how best these makes up a good news story to the audience.

Determination Of An Unknown Amino Acid From Titration Essay -- essays

Determination of An Unknown Amino Acid From Titration Abstract Experiment 11 used a titration curve to determine the identity of an unknown amino acid. The initial pH of the solution was 1.96, and the pKa’s found experimentally were 2.0, 4.0, and 9.85. The accepted pKa values were found to be 2.10, 4.07, and 9.47. The molecular weight was calculated to be 176.3 while the accepted value was found to be 183.5. The identity of the unknown amino acid was established to be glutamic acid, hydrochloride. Introduction Amino acids are simple monomers which are strung together to form polymers (also called proteins). These monomers are characterized by the general structure shown in figure 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fig. 1 Although the general structure of all amino acids follows figure 1, the presence of a zwitterion is made possible due to the basic properties of the NH2 group and the acidic properties of the COOH group. The amine group (NH2) is Lewis base because it has a lone electron pair which makes it susceptible to a coordinate covalent bond with a hydrogen ion. Also, the carboxylic group is a Lewis acidic because it is able to donate a hydrogen ion (Kotz et al., 1996). Other forms of amino acids also exist. Amino acids may exists as acidic or basic salts. For example, if the glycine reacted with HCl, the resulting amino acid would be glycine hydrochloride (see fig. 2). Glycine hydrochloride is an example of an acidic salt form of the amino acid. Likewise, if NaOH were added, the resulting amino acid would be sodium glycinate (see fig. 3), an example of a basic salt form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fig. 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fig. 3 Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identify an unknown amino acid. A titration curve is the plot of the pH versus the volume of titrant used. In the case of amino acids, the titrant will be both an acid and a base. The acid is a useful tool because it is able to add a proton to the amine group (see fig. 1). Likewise the base allows for removal of the proton from the carboxyl group by the addition of hydroxide. The addition of the strong acid or base does not necessarily yield a drastic jump in pH. The acid or base added is unable to contribute to the pH of the solution because the protons and hydroxide ions donated in solution are busy adding protons to the amine gr... ...unded series of crude estimates which were required. Likewise, the deviance of the calculated molecular weight can be attributed to these crude vehicles, because the change in volume (between equivalence points) were used in calculation. Conclusion The identity of an unknown amino acid was determined by establishing a titration curve. The equivalence and half-equivalence point, the pKa values, and the molecular weight were directly or indirectly found through the titration curve. The equivalence points were found through a crude method known as the trapezoidal method. The establishment of the equivalence points gave rise to the half equivalence points and the D volume (used in calculating the molecular weight). The half-equivalence points were directly used to find the pKa values of the unknown. The molecular weight could also be calculated. This data led to the determination of the identity of the unknown amino acid--glutamic acid, hydrochloride. References Jicha, D.; Hasset, K. Experiments in General Chemistry; Hunt: Dubuque, 1991:37- 53. Kotz, J.C.: Treichel , P. Jr. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity; Harcourt-Brace: Fort Worth, 1996; 816-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  837.

Dawnette’s Havard-Hosted Implicit Association Test

My test result from the Skin-Tone Test is that I have a preference for Light Skinned people rather than Dark Skin. This proved to be somewhat correct. When I was younger all I wanted was a light-skinned boyfriend. I did have many light-skinned guys that would be very bold in wanting to get to know me in my past and even in my present. I do feel that the results were somewhat valid. The reason that I say somewhat valid is because I do not mind what color the person is on the outside. I get along with all race, creed, and color of people. It did make me think back to when I see a guy, who I usually go â€Å"Oooh-wee† over. Most of the time, the guy is usually lighter than I am. I guess I was stuck on the skin tone for so long that it is still very much a part of me. When I think about is it seems that it is just nature, because I do see many darker skinned individuals gravitating towards lighter-skinned people. I often wonder is that an instinct in us or solely a personal preference? My opinion is that it is difficult to accurately measure prejudice. Most people will not admit on a test or even in person that they think negatively of them due to their skin color. That fact alone makes it very difficult to measure prejudices amongst people. There are two major ways to categorize the measurements which sociologists calculate prejudice. One is through stratification by class and gender. The other is through several theoretical perspectives, such as: * Functional perspectives * Conflict perspectives * Labeling theory approaches The functional perspective looks at things like dysfunction. The conflict perspective deals with things like blaming the victim. The labeling theory approaches utilizes things like the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Freudian Defense Mechanisms essays

Freudian Defense Mechanisms essays Memory can be an accurate chronicler of past events, but is also vulnerable to loss and distortion.1 Forgetting usually occurs imperceptibly with the passing of time. Can people voluntarily forget information by wilfully suppressing it? Recent studies by Michael Anderson and Collin Green2 say "yes". These experiments have stimulated debate because the researchers suggest that their results may provide "a viable model" for Freud's much maligned theory of repression.3,4 Furthermore, the results have been linked5 to the disputed idea that people can repress and later recover memories of childhood sexual abuse.4,6 Anderson and Green used a carefully crafted experimental design to isolate the effects of voluntary suppression on tests of memory. Participants learned a list of 40 unrelated word pairs, such as "ordeal-roach" or "moss-north". They were then prompted with the first word of 30 of the pairs. For half of the items, participants were asked to respond with the second word of the pair; for the other half, they were instructed to suppress the word from conscious awareness. Then a final memory test was carried out. The researchers asked the participants to do their best to recall the second word of each pair when presented with the first word, regardless of the earlier instructions to suppress memory for some words. Participants recalled more words from the "respond" group than words from the "suppress" group. This finding alone might simply indicate that the recall of words from the "respond" group had improved because of practice, rather than revealing an impairment of recall for words in the "suppress" group. However, ten of the word pairs that had appeared only on the study list were used as control words. Fewer suppressed words than control words were recalled. This finding cannot be attributed to the practice of recalled words, and indicates that the recall of words from the "suppress" group was indeed impaired. The same outc...